Language is a sign system consisting of sounds, words and sentences. The sign system of each nation is unique due to its grammatical, morphological, phonetic and linguistic features. Simple languages do not exist, since each of them has its own difficulties, which are discovered during the study.
Below are the most complex languages of the world, the rating of which consists of 10 sign systems.
10. Icelandic
Icelandic - This is one of the most difficult in terms of pronunciation. Also, the sign system is considered one of the most ancient languages. It contains linguistic units used only by native speakers. One of the biggest difficulties in learning Icelandic is its phonetics, which only native speakers can accurately convey.
9. Finnish
Finnish language deservedly ranked as one of the most complex sign systems in the world. It has 15 cases, as well as several hundred personal verb forms and conjugations. In it, graphic characters completely convey the sound form of the word (both spelled and pronounced), which simplifies the language. There are several past forms in grammar, but no future tense forms.
8. Navajo
Navajo - the language of the Indians, whose peculiarity is considered to be verb forms that are formed and change in faces using prefixes. It is verbs that carry basic semantic information. Navajo used the U.S. military during World War II to transmit encrypted information.
In addition to vowels and consonants, in the language there are 4 tones, which are referred to as ascending - descending; high Low. Navajo’s fate is currently at risk, as there are no linguistic dictionaries, and the younger generation of Indians is switching exclusively to English.
7. Hungarian
Hungarian one of the ten most difficult languages to learn. It has 35 case forms and is replete with vowels that are difficult to pronounce because of longitude. The sign system has a rather complicated grammar, in which there are innumerable suffixes, as well as stable expressions characteristic only for this language. A feature of the vocabulary system is the presence of only 2 tense forms of the verb: present and past.
6. Eskimo language
Eskimo and is considered one of the most complex in the world due to the numerous temporal forms, of which there are up to 63 only in the present tense. The case form of words has more than 200 inflections (word changes using endings, prefixes, suffixes). Eskimo language is a language of images. For example, the meaning of the word “Internet” among the Eskimos will sound like “a journey through the layers”. The Eskimo sign system is listed in the Guinness Book of Records, as one of the most difficult.
5. Tabasaran
Tabasaran one of the few languages listed in the Guinness Book of Records because of its complexity. Its peculiarity consists in numerous cases, which number 46. This is one of the official languages of the inhabitants of Dagestan, in which there are no prepositions. Instead, postpositions are used. Three types of dialects are distinguished in a language, and each of them unites a certain group of dialects. In the sign system, there are many borrowings from different languages: Persian, Azerbaijani, Arabic, Russian and others.
4. Basque language
Basque one of the oldest in Europe. It is owned by some residents of southern France and northern Spain. Basque contains 24 case forms, and does not belong to any branch of language families. Dictionaries contain about half a million words, including dialects. For the formation of new linguistic units, prefixes and suffixes are used.
The connection of words in a sentence is traced with the help of changes in endings. The tense of the verb is displayed by changing the endings and beginning of the word. Due to the non-prevalence of the language, it was used during the Second World War by the American military to transmit classified information. Basque is considered to be one of the most difficult to learn.
3. Russian
Russian one of the three most complex languages in the world. The main difficulty of the “great and mighty” is free stress. For example, in French, stress is always placed on the last syllable of a word. In the Russian language, a strong position can be found anywhere: both in the first and last syllables, or in the middle of a word. The meaning of many lexical units is determined by the place of emphasis, for example: MUKA - MUKA; organ - Organ. Also, the meaning of polysemantic words that are written and pronounced the same, is determined only in the context of the sentence.
Other linguistic units may differ in writing, but are pronounced the same and have a completely different meaning, for example: meadow - bow, etc. Our language is one of the richest in synonyms: one word can have up to a dozen similar in meaning language units. Punctuation also carries a large semantic load: the absence of a single comma completely changes the meaning of the phrase. Remember the hackneyed phrase from school: "You can’t have mercy on us"?
2. Arabic
Arabic - One of the most complex sign systems in the world. One letter has up to 4 different spellings: it all depends on the location of the symbol in the word. There are no lowercase letters in the Arabic vocabulary, word breaks for hyphenation are prohibited, and vowels are not displayed on the letter. One of the individual features of the language is the way of writing words - from right to left.
In Arabic, there are instead of two numbers familiar to the Russian language, three numbers: singular, plural and dual. It is impossible to meet equally pronounced words, since each sound has 4 different tones, which will depend on its location.
1. Chinese
Chinese - an incredibly complex language. The first difficulty, if you want to study it, is the total number of characters in the language. The modern Chinese dictionary has about 87 thousand characters. The difficulty lies not only in the sign system of the language, but also in the correct spelling. The only incorrectly depicted feature in one character completely distorts the meaning of the word.
One Chinese “letter” can mean a whole word or even a sentence. A graphic symbol does not reflect the phonetic essence of the word - a person who does not know all the subtleties of this language will not be able to understand how to correctly pronounce the written word. Phonetics is quite complex: it has numerous homophones and contains 4 tones in the system. Learning Chinese is one of the most difficult tasks a foreigner can set himself.
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